What Is a 529 Plan?

Whether you’re a parent starting to save for a newborn, a grandparent looking to help with education costs, or even saving for your own graduate degree, a 529 plan offers one of the most tax-efficient ways to pay for education.

This guide covers how 529 plans work, what expenses qualify, and how to choose the right plan for your family.

What are the tax advantages of 529 plans?

529 plans offer federal tax benefits and may offer state tax benefits depending on the state where the account owner or person contributing to the plan lives.

Federal Tax Benefits

There are two primary federal tax benefits associated with 529 plans:

• Earnings in your account accumulate tax-free. In other words, no income taxes are due on earnings as long as the money stays in your account.
• You will not have to pay federal income taxes on withdrawals as long as the money is used to pay for qualified education expenses. In most cases, these withdrawals will also be exempt from state income taxes as well.

Note that similar to a Roth IRA, contributions to a 529 plan are not deductible from federal income taxes.

Some families use 529 plans as an estate planning vehicle since contributions are considered completed gifts to the beneficiary. In 2025 and 2026, up to $19,000 per donor, per beneficiary qualifies for the annual gift tax exclusion. The exclusion increased from $18,000 for contributions in the 2024 tax year.

State Tax Benefits

Over 30 states offer either state income tax deductions or state tax credits for 529 plan contributions. The tax benefit is typically available for residents who invest in their home state’s 529 plan. However, many states offer a tax benefit for contributions to any state’s 529 plan.

These tax benefits make 529 plans more valuable for college savings than traditional savings or investment accounts.

How does a 529 plan work?

Getting started with a 529 plan involves choosing a plan, opening an account, making contributions, selecting investments, and eventually withdrawing funds for qualified expenses.

How do you choose a 529 plan?

Nearly every state has at least one 529 plan available, but you’re not limited to using your home state’s plan. Each 529 plan offers investment portfolios tailored to the account owner’s risk tolerance and time horizon. Your account may go up or down in value based on the performance of the investment option you select.

When selecting a 529 plan, consider:

• Any state tax benefits you may be eligible for and the value of those benefits
• Fees and expenses charged by a plan and how those compare to other plans
• The performance history of the 529 plan

You can find research on all of the above on our 529 plan details pages. Or see our round-up of the best 529 plans based on our analysis and ratings.

How do you open a 529 account and designate a beneficiary?

You can open a direct-sold 529 plan by completing an application on the plan’s website. Direct-sold plans generally offer lower fees than advisor-sold plans, but the account owner is responsible for selecting the investments. Advisor-sold 529 plans are only available through licensed financial advisors.

One of the advantages of 529 plans is that just about anyone can open one, regardless of income level. Parents, grandparents, friends, and even students themselves (if they are at least 18 years old) can open a 529 college savings plan to start a college fund.

While anyone can open a 529 plan, each plan can only have one beneficiary at a time. A beneficiary can be anyone of any age who has a Social Security number or a Tax ID.

You can change beneficiaries if one child doesn’t go to college but another does, but you can’t simultaneously name multiple children as beneficiaries. You can also name yourself as the beneficiary of a 529 plan that you own.

Once you’re ready, you can use Saving For College’s Enroll Now tool to open an account online.

How much can you contribute to a 529 plan?

Many states have no minimum amount required when contributing to your account. Other states have relatively low minimums, such as $25. You can also set up automatic contributions, which typically have minimums of at least $15 or $25 per contribution.

There are no annual 529 plan contribution limits. However, contributions in excess of the annual gift tax exclusion ($19,000 in 2025) will count against your lifetime estate and gift tax exemption ($13.99 million in 2025). There is a way to make larger contributions at one time without impacting your lifetime exemption by “superfunding” a 529 plan.

Each state also has an aggregate contribution limit for 529 plans, which ranges from $235,000 to over $550,000. The price of attending an expensive college and graduate school program in the state, including textbooks and room and board, determines this amount.

As a general rule of thumb, aiming to save about one-third of your projected future college costs is a good goal. This assumes you can cover the remaining two-thirds with current income, including scholarship funds and student loans.

What investment options are available in a 529 plan?

Once you’ve contributed funds to your 529 account, you must decide how to invest them. Typically, you have two main options: age-based portfolios or static portfolios.

Age-based and enrollment date portfolios

With age-based and enrollment-date portfolios, the asset allocation within the portfolio automatically adjusts over time based on the child’s age or the time remaining until their expected college enrollment. During the initial years, the portfolio tends to adopt a more aggressive stance, with a higher emphasis on stocks, which offer the potential for greater returns but also carry heightened risk.

As the child approaches college age, these portfolios gradually transition away from riskier investments, such as equities (stocks), favoring more conservative options like bonds or money market funds. This strategic shift towards less risky holdings protects against volatility and market downturns when college expenses become imminent.

Static portfolios

Static portfolios remain the same over the life of the plan unless the plan owner manually reallocates to other portfolios. These portfolios can be target risk portfolios, which focus on a defined level of risk or strategy, such as “aggressive growth” or “income,” or individual portfolios, which mirror a mutual fund, exchange-traded fund, or other investment.

How do you withdraw funds from a 529 plan?

You can use your education savings to pay for college costs at any eligible institution, including over 6,000 U.S. colleges and universities and over 400 international schools. For example, you can be a New York resident, invest in a Virginia plan, and send your student to college in North Carolina.

Most plans allow you to distribute the payments directly to the account holder, the beneficiary, or the school. Some plans may allow you to pay directly from your 529 accounts to another third party, such as a landlord.

Remember to check with your plan to learn more about how to take distributions from your account. Depending on your circumstances, you may need to report contributions to or withdrawals from your 529 plan on your annual tax returns.

The funds in a 529 plan are yours, and you can always withdraw them for any purpose. However, the earnings portion of a non-qualified distribution will be subject to ordinary income taxes and a 10% tax penalty, though there are exceptions.

What are the types of 529 plans?

There are two primary types of 529 plans: education savings plans and prepaid tuition plans.

Education Savings Plans

Also known as 529 college savings plans, these tax-advantaged investment accounts are designed to help families save for education. They offer a variety of investment options, and the account’s value can rise or fall depending on how those investments perform.

Prepaid Tuition Plans

These plans let you pre-pay all or part of the costs of an in-state public college education. You may also convert them for use at private and out-of-state colleges. The Private College 529 Plan is a separate prepaid plan for private colleges sponsored by more than 250 private colleges.

What can you use 529 plan funds for?

Only qualified withdrawals from a 529 plan are tax-free, so it’s important to understand which expenses qualify. 529 plan withdrawals must happen in the same tax year as the expenses incurred.

Qualified Education Expenses

In recent years, the IRS has expanded the definition of qualified education expenses beyond traditional higher education costs to include K-12 expenses, professional training and credentialing, and student loan repayments. There is a $10,000 annual limit on qualified K-12 withdrawals (increasing to $20,000 in 2026) and a $10,000 lifetime limit on student loans.

529 plans can also be used to pay for qualified expenses at a trade or vocational school or for registered apprenticeship program expenses. Rollovers from a 529 plan to a Roth IRA may be considered a qualified expense if certain conditions are met.

Not all states have adopted the expanded definition of qualified education expenses, but at least 30 states have. In states that haven’t adopted it, you may be subject to state taxes on the earnings portion of any 529 plan withdrawals to pay for K-12 education, student loan payments, and trade/vocational schooling.

Non-Qualified Expenses and Penalties

Some education costs that seem necessary are not considered qualified expenses by the IRS. For a cost like health insurance or transportation to qualify, a college must charge it as part of a comprehensive tuition fee or identify it as “required for enrollment or attendance.”

A common concern has been what to do if you don’t use all the money in a 529 account. This is now less of a potential drawback as the definition of qualified expenses has expanded, and parents have more options than ever on what to do with unused 529 funds.

What are the pros and cons of 529 plans?

When evaluating whether a 529 plan is right for you, there are benefits and drawbacks to consider.

Benefits of 529 Plans

• Minor impact on financial aid eligibility – When a dependent student or one of their parents owns a 529 plan account, there is a minimal impact on the student’s financial aid eligibility compared to other account types.
• Federal tax treatment of gifts – Contributions to a 529 plan qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion of $19,000 per year as of 2025.
• Earnings grow tax-deferred – Investments are not subject to taxes while in the account.
• Tax-free withdrawals – Qualified withdrawals are not subject to federal income tax and are typically excluded from state income tax.
• State tax incentives – More than 30 states allow tax deductions for contributions to 529 plans.
• Roth IRA rollovers for unused funds – Account owners can roll over up to $35,000 into a Roth IRA in the beneficiary’s name.

Potential Drawbacks of 529 Plans

• Must be qualified expenses – Any withdrawal from a 529 account not for qualified expenses is subject to income tax and a 10% penalty.
• Not all states offer deductions – While most states offer an income tax deduction for 529 contributions, some do not.
• No self-directed investments – You must invest 529 accounts in portfolio options offered by the 529 plan.
• Fees – All 529 plans have fees, though account owners can find low-cost options to limit the fees charged.
• Ownership rules – An account owner controls a 529 plan account, not the beneficiary.

Key Takeaways

• 529 plans offer tax-free growth and tax-free withdrawals for qualified education expenses.
• Over 30 states offer tax deductions or credits for 529 contributions.
• Anyone can open a 529 plan regardless of income, and beneficiaries can be changed at any time.
• Qualified expenses include tuition, room and board, textbooks, computers, and K-12 tuition (up to $10,000 annually).
• Unused funds can be rolled over to a Roth IRA (up to $35,000 lifetime) or used to repay student loans (up to $10,000).
• The 2025 gift tax exclusion is $19,000 per donor, per beneficiary, with superfunding options available for larger contributions.